Federal Court of Australia

Sydney Criminal Lawyers v Google LLC [2021] FCA 297

ORDERS

THE COURT ORDERS THAT:

1.    Pursuant to rr 10.42 and 10.43 of the Federal Court Rules 2011 (Cth) the prospective applicant has leave to serve:

(a)    the originating application filed on 29 January 2021;

(b)    the affidavit of Ugur Nedim affirmed on 29 January 2021;

(c)    the affidavit of Daniel Garan affirmed on 10 March 2021; and

(d)    a copy of this order.

upon the respondent in the United States of America, in accordance with Article 10(a) of the “Convention on the Service Abroad of Judicial and Extrajudicial Documents in Civil or Commercial Matters” done at The Hague on 15 November 1965, by sending them by international registered post, with an acknowledgement of receipt to be provided to the prospective applicants, to the respondent’s address at:

Google LLC

C/O Custodian of Records

1600 Amphitheatre Parkway

Mountain View, California 94043

United States of America

2.    There be no order as to costs.

3.    The matter be listed for a case management hearing on 27 April 2021 at 9:30am.

Note:    Entry of orders is dealt with in Rule 39.32 of the Federal Court Rules 2011.

REASONS FOR JUDGMENT

ABRAHAM J:

1    The prospective applicant, Sydney Criminal Lawyers, by originating application dated 29 January 2021 seeks an order pursuant to r 7.22 of the Federal Court Rules 2011 (the Rules) that the prospective respondent, Google LLC (Google), give discovery of all registration information of the Google accounts of five specified identities and the IP addresses of the logins to the respective Google accounts, to the extent that such information or data is in the possession of and reasonably available to Google. The prospective applicant alleges that it has been defamed as a result of what are said to be false reviews published on Google. Preliminary discovery is sought to identify the unknown prospective respondents so that proceedings can be brought against them.

2    The matter was listed for case management hearing on 11 March 2021, during which the prospective applicant sought leave to serve the originating application filed on 29 January 2021 on the prospective respondent. The applicant had not provided draft proposed orders, and after discussion indicated that they sought orders similar to those made in Kabbabe v Google LLC [2020] FCA 126. I made orders that the prospective applicant file brief written submissions in support of the application by 18 March 2021, with the matter to be determined on the papers.

3    The prospective applicant applies for leave, pursuant to rr 10.41 - 10.43 of the Rules, to serve an originating application outside of Australia.

4    The prospective applicant relies on the following affidavits:

(1)    the affidavit of Ugur Nedim affirmed on 29 January 2021; and

(2)    the affidavit of Daniel Garan affirmed on 10 March 2021.

5    For the reasons given below, it is appropriate to make the order to grant leave to the prospective applicant to serve the proceeding on Google in the United States of America (USA) in accordance with Article 10(a) of the “Convention on the Service Abroad of Judicial and Extrajudicial Documents in Civil or Commercial Matters” done at The Hague on 15 November 1965 (the Hague Service Convention).

Consideration

6    Rule 10.43(2) provides that a party may apply to the Court for leave to serve an originating application on a person in a foreign country in accordance with the Hague Service Convention. Before leave may be granted to serve an originating application on a respondent outside Australia the Court must be satisfied of four matters set out in r 10.43(3) and (4):

(1)    the application must be accompanied by an affidavit which states the name of the foreign country where the person is to be served, the proposed method of service and, if the Hague Service Convention applies, that the proposed method of service is permitted by the Hague Service Convention: r 10.43(3);

(2)    the Court has jurisdiction in the proceeding: r 10.43(4)(a);

(3)    the proceeding is of a kind mentioned in r 10.42: r 10.43(4)(b); and

(4)    the applicant has a prima facie case for all or any of the relief claimed in the proceeding: r 10.43(4)(c).

7    The relevant principles are well known and were recently summarised in similar factual applications by Murphy J in Kabbabe v Google LLC [2020] FCA 126 at [3]-[16] (Kabbabe) and my decision in Seven Consulting Pty Ltd v Google LLC [2021] FCA 203 (Seven Consulting).

8    I am satisfied of the four matters identified above.

First criteria

9    The prospective applicant relies on the affidavit of its solicitor, Mr Garan affirmed on 10 March 2021, which establishes, inter alia, that the USA is a contracting party to the Hague Service Convention.

10    The Hague Service Convention contemplates several channels for service in the Practical Handbook on the Operation of the Hague Service Convention (Permanent Bureau of the Hague Conference on Private International Law, 2006) (Practical Handbook): AIA Australia Ltd v Richards [2017] FCA 84 at [7] (AIA Australia). Allsop CJ observed:

The “main channel of transmission” is service under Article 5 of the Hague Service Convention through the “Central Authority” of the receiving State. The Convention also permits service through several “alternative channels”: Practical Handbook at [183].

11    The prospective applicant proposes to serve the documents by sending them by international registered post, which is one of the alternative channels: namely service by post pursuant to Art. 10(a). As Allsop CJ noted in AIA Australia at [13], the Practical Handbook states at [196] that “transmission … through postal channels [referred to in Art 10(a)] includes service of process upon the addressee”.

12    It is uncontroversial that the service of documents by international registered post is compliant with Art. 10(a), this Court having granted leave on a number of previous occasions for service in that manner: see Kabbabe at [8], citing Deputy Commissioner of Taxation v Power Assets Holdings Ltd (previously known as Hongkong Electric Holdings Ltd) [2013] FCA 708; (2013) 96 ATR 51 at [15]-[22]; Deputy Commissioner of Taxation v Cheung Kong Infrastructure Holdings Ltd [2013] FCA 707; (2013) 96 ATR 44 at [15]-[22]; Bell v Steele [2011] FCA 1390; (2011) 198 FCR 291 at [13] and [16]; Ahmed v Al-Hussain Pty Ltd t/as The Cheesecake Shop [2018] FCA 1741 at [17].

13    In Kabbabe Murphy J observed at [9]:

In Water Splash Inc v Menon 581 U.S. (2017) at 12 the US Supreme Court held that the Hague Service Convention does not prohibit service of process in the USA by direct post to the respondent, and there is nothing in the materials before the Court to indicate that the USA objects to direct postal service of legal process under the Convention. The Practical Handbook states at [204] that a comprehensive list of objecting States is available on the website of the Permanent Bureau of the Hague Conference on Private International Law. Having reviewed that website, it states that the USA does not object to service under Art. 10(a). I proceed on that basis.

14    As I did in Seven Consulting, I also proceed on that basis.

Second criteria

15    There can be no issue that the Court has jurisdiction to hear an application for preliminary discovery pursuant to r 7.22.

Third criteria

16    The proceeding falls within one or more of the categories or descriptions set out in r 10.42, with the prospective applicants relying on proceedings based on a cause of action arising in Australia: Item 1 of the Table in r 10.42, proceedings based on a tort committed in Australia: Item 4 of the Table in r 10.42, and proceedings based on, or seeking the recovery of, damage suffered wholly or partly in Australia caused by a tortious act or omission (wherever occurring): Item 5 of the Table in r 10.42. I am satisfied that an application for preliminary discovery under r 7.22 is a proceeding based one or more of the categories or descriptions set out in r 10.42.

17    I note that a defamatory statement made online is taken to be “published” for the purposes of an action in defamation when and where it is downloaded: see Dow Jones & Company Inc v Gutnick [2002] HCA 56; (2002) 210 CLR 575. That a review was visible to the public in the NT and ACT, along with the rest of Australia, has previously been found to be sufficient to establish that the Court is likely to have jurisdiction to hear the prospective claim: Kabbabe at [16]; Colagrande v Telstra Corporation Limited [2020] FCA 1595 at [15]; Boyd v Automattic, Inc [2019] FCA 86 at [47]-[49]. It follows in this matter that the Court is likely to have jurisdiction to hear the prospective claim.

Fourth criteria

18    On the evidence relied on I am satisfied that the prospective applicant has a prima facie case for preliminary discovery pursuant to r 7.22(1): r 10.43(4)(c).

19    Rule 7.22 provides that a prospective applicant may apply to the Court for an order to require a person to discover to the prospective applicant any document or thing in the person’s control relating to the description of the prospective respondent. It is intended to provide a person with a means of obtaining information as to the identity of a party against whom the person wishes to commence a proceeding, in circumstances in which the person is unable to do so because of a lack of sufficient information about that party’s description to enable an originating application to be filed: Carroll & Richardson - Flagworld Pty Ltd v PayPal Australia Pty Limited [2020] FCA 371 at [3]; Kabbabe at [13], citing Cape Australia Holdings Pty Ltd v Iannello [2009] FCA 709 at [63]-[64] which relates to the predecessor rule.

20    Rule 7.22 requires that the prospective applicant satisfy the Court:

(1)    there may be a right for the prospective applicant to obtain relief against the prospective respondent; and

(2)    the prospective applicant is unable, notwithstanding having made reasonable inquiries and taken any other steps reasonably required in the circumstances, to ascertain the description of the prospective respondent; and

(3)    another person, the respondent to the application for preliminary discovery, knows or is likely to know that description, or has or is likely to have, or has had or was likely to have had, control of a document that would help ascertain that description.

see Kabbabe at [14], citing Hooper v Kirella Pty Ltd [1999] FCA 1584; (1999) 96 FCR 1 at [31]-[34] (Hooper).

21    A prospective applicant for preliminary discovery is not required to demonstrate the existence of a prima facie case against the prospective respondent; it is enough if the prospective applicant can show that he or she may have a right to obtain that relief: Kabbabe at [16], citing Hooper at [33]. That said, as noted above, this application is for leave pursuant to r 10.41 - 10.43 of the Rules, to serve an originating application outside of Australia which requires as one of its preconditions, that the applicant has a prima facie case for all or any of the relief claimed in the proceeding: r 10.43(4)(c).

22    The prospective applicant is a law firm specialising in criminal law. The prospective claims relate to five reviews which have been identified in the affidavits referred to above at [4]. The evidence establishes that there is a prima facie case for the reviews being fake, and that arguably damage is likely to have resulted. The evidence establishes that these reviews were published on Google and that steps have been undertaken by the prospective applicant with Google to remove the reviews, which to date have been unsuccessful.

23    Having regard to the affidavit of Ugur Nedim affirmed 29 January 2021 and the affidavit of Daniel Garan affirmed 10 March 2021, I am satisfied that the prospective applicant has made reasonable inquiries and taken other steps reasonably required in the circumstances, but have been unable to ascertain the description of the person or persons responsible or believed to be responsible for authoring or publishing the reviews. The prospective applicant has been in communication with Google about producing the required information. I consider that Google is likely to have or have had control of a document or thing that would help ascertain the description of the person or persons responsible or believed to be responsible for authoring or publishing the reviews.

Conclusion

24    Accordingly, I make the orders sought.

Associate:

Dated:    29 March 2021