FEDERAL COURT OF AUSTRALIA

Cheinmora v State of Western Australia (No 2) [2013] FCA 768

THE COURT NOTES THAT:

A.    The applicant in proceeding WAD 6027 of 1998 has made a native title determination application (Balanggarra Combined Application) that relates to an area of land and waters the subject of a proposed determination of native title.

B.    The applicant in the Balanggarra Combined Application, the State of Western Australia and the other respondents to the proceeding (parties) have reached an agreement as to the terms of a determination which is to be made in relation to part of the land and waters covered by the Balanggarra Combined Application.

C.    Pursuant to section 87A(1)(b) and section 87A(1)(c) of the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth) (Native Title Act) the parties have filed with the Court a Minute of Proposed Consent Determination of Native Title which reflects the terms of the agreement reached by the parties.

D.    The terms of the agreement involve the making of consent orders for a determination pursuant to sections 87A and 94A of the Native Title Act that native title exists in relation to part of the land and waters the subject of the Balanggarra Combined Application.

E.    The parties have agreed that in respect of the Excluded Area as described in paragraph 3A of the Determination, no determination be made at present and the matter is to continue in case management.

F.    The maps provided at Schedule One which indicate the location of the Wyndham Port as referred to at Schedule Three have been agreed between the parties on the basis they are indicative only.

G.    The parties acknowledge that the effect of making the determination is that the members of the native title claim group, in accordance with the traditional laws acknowledged and the traditional customs observed by them, will be recognised as the native title holders for the Determination Area.

H.    The applicant in the Balanggarra Combined Application acknowledges that, in accordance with a determination made by the Full Court of the Federal on 9 December 2003: Attorney-General (NT) v Ward (2003) 134 FCR 16; that the Gajerrong, Doolboong and Wardenybeng people together with Balanggarra people hold native title rights and interests in relation to Boorroongoong (Lacrosse Island). The Gajerrong, Doolboong and Wardenybeng people’s native title is held on trust by the Miriuwung and Gajerrong #1 Native Title (Prescribed Body Corporate) Aboriginal Corporation. Subject to the terms of that determination, those rights and interests comprise:

(a)    a right in accordance with traditional laws and customs to possession, occupation, use and enjoyment to the exclusion of all others of Lacrosse Island not including King Location 813, being former King Location 230, above high water mark; and

(b)    in relation to Lacrosse Island between high water mark and low water mark, non-exclusive rights to occupy, use and enjoy the land and waters in accordance with traditional laws and customs as follows:

i.    the right of access to the land and waters;

ii.    the right to take fauna from the land and waters;

iii.    the right to take fish from the waters;

iv.    the right to take flora from the land and waters;

v.    the right to take other natural resources of the land such as ochre, stones, soils, wood and resin;

vi.    the right to enter and remain on the land and waters;

vii.    the right to take water;

viii.    the right to engage in cultural activities on the land and waters, including to conduct ceremonies; and

ix.    the right to care for and maintain sites and areas that are of significance to the native title holders under their traditional laws and customs.

While the proposed consent determination provides for a determination of native title in relation to some of the waters surrounding Boorroongoong (Lacrosse Island) in favour of the applicant in the Balanggarra Combined Application, nothing in the proposed consent determination is intended to affect the ability of the Gajerrong, Doolboong and Wardenybeng native title holders to access Boorroongoong (Lacrosse Island) in accordance with existing rights, or to otherwise exercise their native title rights and interests in relation to Boorroongoong (Lacrosse Island).

I.    The parties have requested that the Court hear and determine that part of the proceeding that relates to the Determination Area.

J.    The applicant in the Balanggarra Combined Application has nominated Balanggarra Aboriginal Corporation ICN 2923 pursuant to section 56(2) of the Native Title Act to hold the determined native title in trust for the native title holders.

BEING SATISFIED that a determination of native title in the terms sought by the parties would be within the power of the Court and, it appearing to the Court appropriate to do so, pursuant to section 87A and section 94A of the Native Title Act:

BY CONSENT OF THE PARTIES THE COURT ORDERS THAT:

1.    There be a determination of native title in WAD 6027 of 1998 in terms of the Determination as provided for in Attachment ‘A’ hereof.

2.    The Balanggarra Aboriginal Corporation ICN 2923 shall hold the determined native title in trust for the native title holders pursuant to s 56(2)(b) of the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth).

3.    There be no order as to costs.

Note:    Entry of orders is dealt with in Rule 39.32 of the Federal Court Rules 2011.

ATTACHMENT “A”

DETERMINATION

THE COURT ORDERS, DECLARES AND DETERMINES THAT:

Existence of native title (s 225 Native Title Act)

1    Subject to paragraph 3A, the Determination Area is the land and waters described in Schedule One and depicted on the maps at Attachment One to Schedule One.

2    Subject to paragraph 3, native title exists in the Determination Area in the manner set out in paragraphs 5 to 12.

3    By reason of extinguishment, native title does not exist in relation to those parts of the Determination Area comprising land and waters the subject of the interests identified in Schedule Three and shaded green on the maps at Attachment One to Schedule One.

3A    In relation to that part of Adolphus Island which is within the Excluded Area as that term is defined in Schedule One of this Determination, no determination be made and the matter is to continue in case management.

Native title holders (s 225(a) Native Title Act)

4    The native title in relation to the Determination Area is held in common by members of the Balanggarra community being the people referred to in Schedule Six of this Determination.

The nature and extent of native title rights and interests (s225(b) Native Title Act) and exclusiveness of native title (s 225(e) Native Title Act)

Exclusive rights in relation to certain land

5    Subject to paragraphs 9, 10 and 11, the nature and extent of the native title rights and interests in relation to the areas of land generally shown as shaded pink and brown on the map at Attachment One to Schedule One, being all of the land in the Determination Area which:

(a)    has not been the subject of prior extinguishment of native title as described in Schedule Two and Schedule Three; or

(b)    has been the subject of prior extinguishment of native title, which extinguishment must be disregarded by operation of s 47, 47A or 47B of the Native Title Act as described in Schedule Five,

is the right to possession, occupation, use and enjoyment to the exclusion of all others.

Non-exclusive rights in relation to certain land and waters

6    Subject to paragraph 7, 9, 10 and 11 the nature and extent of the native title rights and interests in relation to the area of land and waters described in Schedule Two and generally shown as shaded orange or marked with purple dots to the extent those areas are not otherwise within the Intertidal Area on the map at Attachment One to Schedule One, being areas which are not within the Intertidal Area and areas where the native title right to possession, occupation, use and enjoyment to the exclusion of all others is not available at law including by reason of partial extinguishment of native title, is:

(a)    the right to enter, travel over and remain on the land;

(b)    the right to live and camp on the land including erecting shelters and other structures for those purposes;

(c)    the right to hunt, fish, gather and use including by way of sharing or exchange the resources of the land and waters for personal, domestic and communal needs including, but not limited to, cultural or spiritual needs but not for commercial purposes as in accordance with paragraph 10(a)(ii));

(d)    the right to light fires for domestic purposes;

(e)    the right to engage in cultural activities on the land including:

(i)    visiting places of cultural or spiritual importance and protecting those places by carrying out lawful activities to preserve their physical or spiritual integrity;

(ii)    conducting and participating in ceremony and ritual including in relation to death;

(iii)    holding meetings; and

(iv)    passing on knowledge about the physical and spiritual attributes of the determination area and areas of importance on or in the determination area.

7    By reason of the creation of Reserve 32853 and application of by-laws 13 and 15 made in 1963 pursuant to s 8 of the Parks and Reserves Act 1895, native title rights to hunt, fish and take flora have been extinguished in relation to the land and waters comprising Drysdale River National Park being Doongan Locations 6 and 24, Marndoc Location 5. The other native title rights and interests described in paragraph 6 continue to exist in relation to that area.

Non-exclusive rights in relation to Intertidal Area

8    Subject to paragraphs 9, 10 and 11, the nature and extent of the native title rights and interests in relation to the Intertidal Area being an area where the native title right to possession, occupation, use and enjoyment to the exclusion of all others is not available at law are:

(a)    the right to enter, travel over and remain on the area;

(b)    the right to camp on the area including erecting shelters and other structures for that purpose;

(c)    the right to hunt, fish, gather and use (including by way of sharing or exchange the resources of the area for personal, domestic and communal needs including, but not limited to, cultural or spiritual needs but not for commercial purposes as in accordance with paragraph 9(a)(ii));

(d)    the right to light fires for domestic purposes;

(e)    the right to take and use water from the area;

(f)    the right to engage in cultural activities on the area including:

(i)    visiting places of cultural or spiritual importance and protecting those places by carrying out lawful activities to preserve their physical or spiritual integrity;

(ii)    conducting and participating in ritual; and

(iii)    passing on knowledge about the physical and spiritual attributes of the determination area and areas of importance on or in the determination area.

Qualifications on native title rights and interests

9    The native title rights and interests described in paragraphs 5 to 8:

(a)    are exercisable in accordance with:

(i)    the laws of the State and the Commonwealth, including the common law; and

(ii)    the traditional laws and customs of the native title holders for their personal, domestic and communal needs including cultural or spiritual needs but not for commercial purposes.

10    Notwithstanding anything in this Determination:

(a)    there are no native title rights and interest in the Determination Area in relation to:

(i)    minerals as defined in the Mining Act 1904 (WA) (repealed) and the Mining Act 1978 (WA);

(ii)    petroleum as defined in the Petroleum and Geothermal Energy Act 1936 (WA) (repealed) and in the Petroleum and Geothermal Energy Resources Act 1967 (WA);

(iii)    geothermal energy resources and geothermal energy as defined in the Petroleum and Geothermal Energy Resources Act 1967 (WA); or

(iv)    water captured by the holders of the other interests in accordance with those interests; and

(b)    the nature and extent of native title rights and interests in relation to water in any watercourse, wetland or underground water source as is defined in the Rights in Water and Irrigation Act 1914 (WA) as at the date of this Determination is the non-exclusive right to take, use and enjoy that water for personal, domestic and communal needs including cultural or spiritual needs but not for commercial purposes.

11.    The native title rights and interests described in paragraphs 6 to 8 do not confer:

(a)    possession, occupation, use and enjoyment of the land or waters of the Determination Area on the native title holders to the exclusion of all others; nor

(b)    a right to control the access to, or use of, the land and waters of the Determination Area or their resources.

12.    For the avoidance of doubt, subject to the qualifications described in paragraphs 9, 10 and 11, the manner of exercise of native title rights and interests recognised by this Determination is a matter for the native title holders to determine having regard to, and in accordance with, their traditional laws and customs.

Areas to which sections 47, 47A and 47B of the Native Title Act apply

13.    Sections 47, 47A and 47B of the Native Title Act apply to disregard any prior extinguishment in relation to the areas identified in Schedule Five.

The nature and extent of any other interests (s 225(c) Native Title Act)

14.    The nature and extent of the other interests in relation to the Determination Area are described in Schedule Four.

Relationship between native title rights and other interests (s 225(d) Native Title Act)

15.    The relationship between the native title rights and interests described in paragraphs 5 to 8 and the other interests is that:

(a)    to the extent that any of the other interests are inconsistent with the continued existence, enjoyment or exercise of the native title rights and interests, the native title rights and interests continue to exist in their entirety, but the native title rights and interests have no effect in relation to the other interests to the extent of the inconsistency during the currency of the other interests; and otherwise,

(b)    the existence and exercise of the native title rights and interests do not prevent the doing of any activity required or permitted to be done by or under the other interests, and the other interests, and the doing of any activity required or permitted to be done by or under the other interests, prevail over the native title rights and interests and any exercise of the native title rights and interests, but, subject to the operation of section 24JB(2) of the Native Title Act, do not extinguish them.

Definitions and Interpretation

16.    In this Determination, unless the contrary intention appears:

“Determination Area” means the land and waters described in Schedule One and depicted on the maps at Attachment One to Schedule One not including the Excluded Area;

“Excluded Area” means the land and waters described as the “Excluded Area” in Schedule One;

“Intertidal Area” means the area of land and waters between lowest astronomical tide and the mean high water mark; and

“land” has the same meaning as in the Native Title Act;

“Native Title Act” means the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth);

“Native Title Holders” means the persons described in paragraph 4;

“other interests” means the legal or equitable estates or interests and other rights in relation to the determination area described in Schedule Four and referred to in paragraph 0;

“resources” means flora, fauna and other natural resources such as ochre (except ochres for use in the manufacture of porcelain, fine pottery or pigments), charcoal, stone, soil, wood and resin;

“waters” has the same meaning as in the Native Title Act;

17.    In the event of any inconsistency between the written description of an area in Schedules One, Two, Three, Four or Five and the area as depicted on the maps at Attachment One to Schedule One, the written description prevails.

SCHEDULE ONE

DETERMINATION AREA

The Determination Area, generally shown as bordered in dark blue on the maps at Attachment One to the First Schedule, comprises all land and waters bounded by the following description:

All those lands and waters commencing at a point in the Indian Ocean on the 3 Nautical Mile Coastal Waters Limit, determined under the Seas and Submerged Lands Act 1973 (Cth), at Latitude 13.720187 South, Longitude 126.482460 East, being a point on the present boundary of Native Title Determination WAD6033/1999 Uunguu (WC1999/035), and extending generally easterly and generally southeasterly along that 3 nautical mile coastal waters limit, to Longitude 128.349804 East; then southerly and generally south westerly passing through the following co-ordinate positions:

Then southwesterly to the intersection of an eastern boundary of Reserve 13873 with Latitude 15.685255 South; then generally southwesterly, generally westerly, northerly and westerly along boundaries of that reserve to a southeastern corner of Reserve 32853 (Drysdale River National Park); then westerly and generally northwesterly along boundaries of that reserve to Latitude 15.258694 South; then westerly to the intersection of the western boundary of Reserve 32853, being lot 24 on Deposited Plan 240083, with Latitude 15.258697 South; then generally northeasterly and generally northerly along boundaries of that lot to the easternmost southeastern corner of Pastoral Lease H716576 (Theda); then generally northerly, generally north westerly, westerly, northerly and generally westerly along boundaries of that pastoral lease to a eastern boundary of Native Title Determination WAD6033/1999 Uunguu (WC1999/035); then generally northerly, westerly and northerly along boundaries of that Native Title Determination back to the commencement point

Exclusions

The Determination Area excludes:

(a)    Boorroongoong (Lacrosse Island) above low water mark;

(b)    the following areas which are not covered by the Balanggarra Combined Application because they had been subject to a previous exclusive possession act (sections 61A and 23C of the Native Title Act and sections 12I and 12J of the Titles (Validation) and Native Title (Effect of Past Acts) Act 1995 (WA)) and are excluded from the Determination Area on that basis:

(i)    former certificate of title volume 1215 folio 917 in relation to former Doongan Location 4 which area now comprises Doongan Locations 39 and 40 (Reserve 46596) and Doongan Location 44 (certificate of title volume 2210 folio 78);

(ii)    former certificate of title volume 1259 folio 991 in relation to former Marndoc Location 4 (Lesueur Island) which now comprises Marndoc Locations 13 (certificate of title volume 3061 folio 297) and 14 (certificate of title volume 3108 folio 298);

(iii)    Special Lease 3116/11267 (Marndoc Location 12) for the special purpose of airstrip and fishing base; and

(iv)    Special Lease No 3116/10410 (Marndoc Location 10) for the special purpose of fishing base and accommodation; and

(c)    Adolphus Island above the High Water Mark, which is the Excluded Area described at paragraph 3A.

Note:    

•    Geographic Coordinates provided in Decimal Degrees.

•    All referenced Deposited Plans and Diagrams are held by the Western Australian Land Information Authority, trading as Landgate.

•    Cadastral boundaries sourced from Landgate’s SCDB as at February 2013.

•    3 Nautical Mile Coastal Waters Limit is based on Australian Maritime Boundary Information System (AMBIS) 2001 data and sourced from Geoscience Australia (Commonwealth)

•    Native Title Determination WAD6033/1999 Uunguu (WC1999/035), as determined by the Federal Court on 23 May 2011.

Datum:    Geocentric Datum of Australia 1994 (GDA94)

Prepared by: Native Title Spatial Services (Landgate) 18 July 2013.

Use of Co-ordinates:

Where co-ordinates are used within the description to represent cadastral or topographical boundaries or the intersection with such, they are intended as a guide only. As an outcome to the custodians of cadastral and topographic data continuously recalculating the geographic position of their data based on improved survey and data maintenance procedures, it is not possible to accurately define such a position other than by detailed ground survey.

SCHEDULE ONE

ATTACHMENT ONE

MAPS OF THE DETERMINATION AREA

SCHEDULE TWO

LAND AND WATERS THE SUBJECT OF NON-EXCLUSIVE NATIVE TITLE

Areas where native title comprises the rights set out in paragraph 6

Areas the subject of the native title rights and interests described in paragraph 6 of the Determination are:

Part of the Wyndham Port Area

(a)    that part of the Wyndham Port area as declared pursuant to s 10 of the Shipping and Pilotage Act 1967 (WA) generally shown with hatched blue lines on the maps at Attachment One to Schedule One and which is not covered by:

(i)    the Wyndham Port Area as described in Schedule Three; or

(ii)    an area described in Schedule Five as an area where section 47 or 47A of the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth) applies.

Reserves

The areas listed below which are generally shown as shaded orange on the maps at Attachment One to Schedule One:

(a)    Reserve 8222, reserved for the purpose of Travellers & Stock;

(b)    Reserve 8223, reserved for the purpose of Experimental Cultivation; and

(c)    Reserve 32853, reserved for the purpose of ‘national park’ on 27 September 1974 under section 31(2) of the Land Act 1933 (WA) (Drysdale River National Park).

Waters

(a)    Waters which are not within an area described in Schedule Three including, without limitation;

(i)    that portion of UCL which generally forms the bed of the King Edward River;

(ii)    that portion of UCL which generally forms the bed of the Drysdale River; and

(iii)    that portion of UCL which is generally located within the King Edward River and abuts Reserve 46596.

Note:    The maps at Attachment One of Schedule One generally indicate the location of some major waterways, including the Drysdale and King Edward rivers. The maps do not depict all of the waters within the determination area.

SCHEDULE THREE

AREAS WHERE NATIVE TITLE DOES NOT EXIST (Paragraph 3)

Areas of land and waters where, by reason of extinguishment, native title rights and interests do not exist, as described in paragraph 3 of the Determination are the areas listed below which are, with the exception of public works, generally shown as shaded green on the maps at Attachment One to Schedule One:

Reserves

Reserve 31967 (King Locations 755 and 671) for the purpose of conservation of flora and fauna vested under section 33 of the Land Act 1933 (WA) in the Western Australian Wild Life Authority on 4 May 1973.

Public Works

Any public works as defined in the Native Title Act and the Titles (Validation) and Native Title (Effect of Past Acts) Act 1995 (WA) (including the land and waters on which the public work is constructed, established or situated as described in section 251D of the Native Title Act)and to which section 12J of the Titles (Validation) and Native Title (Effect of Past Acts) Act 1995 (WA) or section 23C(2) of the Native Title Act applies.

Wyndham Port Area

Wyndham Port Area vested pursuant to section 9 of the Marine and Harbours Act 1981 (WA) and published in the Government Gazette on 5 February 1982.

SCHEDULE FOUR

OTHER INTERESTS (Paragraph 14)

The nature and extent of the other interests in relation to the Determination Area as at the date of the Determination are:

1.    Freehold

(a)    The rights of the registered proprietor from time to time of freehold land the subject of the following titles:

(i)    certificate of title volume 1019 folio 700 in relation to Marndoc Location 3; and

(ii)    certificate of title volume 1019 folio 701 in relation to Marndoc Location 2.

2.    Reserves

(a)    The rights of persons who have the care, control and management of the following reserves; and

(b)    the rights of persons entitled to access and use the following reserves for the respective purposes for which they are reserved, subject to any statutory limitations upon those rights:

(i)    Reserve 8222 for the purposes of travellers and stock;

(ii)    Reserve 8223 for the purposes of experimental cultivation;

(iii)    Reserve 32853 (Drysdale River National Park) (Doongan Locations 6 and 24, Marndoc Location 5) for the purposes of national park;

(iv)    Reserve 3960 (Marndoc Location 1) for the purpose of Aboriginal mission station vested under section 33 of the Land Act 1933 (WA) in the Aboriginal Lands Trust on 8 August 1975 (Forrest River Reserve);

(v)    Reserve 13873 (Marndoc Location 11) for the purpose of use of Aborigines vested under section 33 of the Land Act 1933 (WA) in the Aboriginal Lands Trust on 3 August 1973 (Oombulgurri Reserve);

(vi)    Reserve 21675 (Doongan Locations 21, 41 and 42) for the purpose of use and benefit of Aboriginal inhabitants vested under section 27 of the Aboriginal Affairs Planning Authority Act 1972 (WA) in the Aboriginal Affairs Planning Authority on 15 June 1973 (Kalumburu Reserve).

3.    Wyndham Port declared pursuant to the Shipping and Pilotage Act 1966 (WA)

(a)    The rights conferred and arising in the Wyndham Port area as declared pursuant to s 10 of the Shipping and Pilotage Act 1967 (WA).

4.    Leases

(a)    The rights of the holders from time to time of the following leases:

(i)    Reserve 8222 for the purposes of travellers and stock;

(ii)    Pastoral Lease 3114/1056 (Doongan Location 19 and Marndoc Location 9) being Carson River Station;

(iii)    General Lease J284270 (Lot 21 on Deposited Plan 241779; Lot 41 on Deposited Plan 193297 and Lot 42 on Deposited Plan 193298, Reserve 21675) to Kalumburu Aboriginal Corporation for a term of 99 years commencing 30 June 1988;

(iv)    General Lease I724663 (Lot 11 on Deposited Plan 241772, part Reserve 21675) to Jiamiddie Aboriginal Corporation for a term of 50 years commencing 1 January 2003;

(v)    Lease of part of Lot 1 on Deposited Plan 92237 (LR3069/108) to Minister for Works for a term of 3 years and 3 months commencing 1 August 2009;

(vi)    Lease of Lot 3 on Deposited Plan 144097 (certificate of title volume 1019 folio 700) to Minister for Works for a term of 3 years and 3 months commencing 1 August 2009;

(vii)    Lease of Lot 2 on Deposited Plan 202400 (certificate of title volume 1019 folio 701) to Minister for Works for a term of 3 years and 3 months commencing 1 August 2009.

5.    Mining Tenements

(a)    The rights of the holders from time to time of the following mining tenements including their right to use (including by servants, agents and contractors) such portions of existing roads and tracks in the Determination Area as necessary to have access to the area the subject of the mining tenement for the purpose of exercising the rights granted by that tenement.

(i)    Mining Leases

(ii)    Miscellaneous Licences

(iii)    Exploration Licences

        Nothing in paragraph 5(a) above allows any upgrade, extension, widening or other improvement to the road or track other than work done to maintain it in reasonable repair and in order to leave it in substantially the same condition as it was prior to its use as contemplated by that paragraph.

6.    Petroleum interests

(a)    The rights of the holders from time to time of the following petroleum interests including their right to use including by servants, agents and contractors such portions of existing roads and tracks in the determination area as necessary to have access to the area the subject of the petroleum interest for the purpose of exercising the rights granted by that interest.

(i)    Exploration Permits

        Nothing in paragraph 6(a) above allows any upgrade, extension, widening or other improvement to the road or track other than work done to maintain it in reasonable repair and in order to leave it in substantially the same condition as it was prior to its use as contemplated by that paragraph.

7.    Telstra Corporation

The rights and interests of Telstra Corporation Limited:

(a)    as the owner or operator of telecommunications facilities installed within the determination area;

(b)    created pursuant to the Post and Telegraph Act 1901 (Cth), the Telecommunications Act 1975 (Cth), the Australian Telecommunications Corporation Act 1989 (Cth), the Telecommunications Act 1991 (Cth) and the Telecommunications Act 1997 (Cth), including:

(i)    to inspect land;

(ii)    the right to install and operate telecommunications facilities; and

(iii)    to alter, remove, replace, maintain, repair and ensure the proper functioning of its telecommunications facilities;

(c)    to occupy the following existing telecommunications sites within the Determination Area:

(i)    Mission Bay RT site, being a square 100 m x 90 m, located within Reserve 21675, at Latitude -14° 4' 57.469", Longitude 126° 39' 38.606";

(ii)    Carson RT site, being a square 80 m x 80 m, located within CL133/19739 (Carson River Station), at Latitude -14° 31' 53.858", Longitude 126° 37' 2.789";

(iii)    Oombulgurri Community site, being a square 30 m x 30m, located within Reserve 3690, at Latitude -15° 10' 41.988", Longitude 127° 50' 40.087";

(iv)    Viotti Peak DRCS site, being a square 30 m x 30 m, located within Reserve 13873, at Latitude -15° 0' 33.842", Longitude 127° 46' 38.492;

(d)    for its employees, agents or contractors to access its telecommunications facilities in and in the vicinity of the Determination Area in performance of their duties; and

(e)    under any lease, licence or easement relating to its telecommunications facilities in the Determination Area.

8.    Other

(a)    Rights and interests, including licences and permits, granted by the Crown in right of the State or of the Commonwealth pursuant to statute or otherwise in the exercise of its executive power including but not limited to the rights and interests of the holders of statutory fishing and pearling interests granted under the Fish Resources Management Act 1994 (WA), the Pearling Act 1990 (WA), and the Fisheries Management Act 1991 (Cth) and any regulations made pursuant to that legislation.

(b)    Rights and interests held by reason of the force and operation of the laws of the State including the Rights in Water and Irrigation Act 1914 (WA) and the Commonwealth.

(c)    Rights and interests of members of the public arising under common law including but not limited to:

(i)    the public right to fish;

(ii)    the public right to navigate; and

(iii)    the right of any person to use, subject to the laws of the State, the Gibb River to Kalumburu Road and any other road in the Determination Area over which, as at the date of this Determination, members of the public have a right of access under common law.

(d)    The right to access the Determination Area by:

(i)    an employee, agent or instrumentality of the State;

(ii)    an employee, agent or instrumentality of the Commonwealth;

(iii)    an employee, agent or instrumentality of any local government authority,

as required in the performance of his or her statutory or common law duty where such access would be permitted to private land.

(e)    So far as confirmed pursuant to section 14 of the Titles (Validation) and Native Title (Effect of Past Acts) Act 1995 (WA) as at the date of this determination, any existing public access to and enjoyment of:

(i)    waterways;

(ii)    beds and banks or foreshores of waterways;

(iii)    beaches; and

(iv)    stock routes.

(f)    The international right of innocent passage through the territorial sea.

SCHEDULE FIVE

AREAS TO WHICH SECTIONS 47, 47A AND SECTION 47B OF THE NATIVE TITLE ACT APPLY

Areas of land within the Determination Area to which sections 47, 47A or 47B of the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth) apply as described in paragraph 13 of the Determination are the following areas described below which are generally shown as shaded in brown on the maps at Attachment One to Schedule One:

1.    Section 47

Section 47 of the Native Title Act applies to disregard any extinguishment of native title rights and interests in relation to Doongan Location 19 and Marndoc Location 9 (Carson River Station) by:

(a)    the creation of Pastoral Lease 3114/1056 and any prior interests including:

(i)    Pastoral Lease 3114/739;

(ii)    Pastoral Lease 396/754;

(iii)    Pastoral Lease 396/805; and

(iv)    Pastoral Lease 398/510.

(b)    the doing of any act under Pastoral Lease 3114/1056 and any prior interests or by virtue of holding that interest.

2.    Section 47A

Section 47A of the Native Title Act applies to disregard any extinguishment by the creation of prior interests in relation to areas within the Determination Area the subject of the following interests:

(a)    Certificate of title volume 1019 folio 700 in relation to Marndoc Location 3;

(b)    Certificate of title volume 1019 folio 701 in relation to Marndoc Location 2;

(c)    Reserve 3960 (Marndoc Location 1) for the purpose of Aboriginal mission station vested under section 33 of the Land Act 1933 (WA) in the Aboriginal Lands Trust on 8 August 1975 (Forrest River Reserve);

(d)    Reserve 13873 (Marndoc Location 11) for the purpose of use of Aborigines vested under section 33 of the Land Act 1933 (WA) in the Aboriginal Lands Trust on 3 August 1973 (Oombulgurri Reserve);

(e)    Reserve 21675 (Doongan Locations 21, 41 and 42) for the purpose of use and benefit of Aboriginal inhabitants vested under section 27 of the Aboriginal Affairs Planning Authority Act 1972 (WA) in the Aboriginal Affairs Planning Authority on 15 June 1973 (Kalumburu Reserve).

3.    Section 47B

Section 47B of the Native Title Act applies to disregard any extinguishment by the creation of prior interests in relation to those areas of unallocated Crown land within the Determination Area which were not covered by an interest described in s 47(1)(b)(i) or (ii) or subject to a resumption process as described in s 47B(1)(ii) when the relevant native title determination application was made, which areas are generally shaded in brown on the maps at Attachment One to the First Schedule. Those prior interests include, but are not limited to:

(a)    Former Reserve 18303 (Sir Graham Moore Islands) for the purpose of cultivation and grazing;

(b)    Former Special Lease 3116/2676; and

(c)    Parts of former Pastoral Leases 3114/1056, 5/025, 5/038, 5/185, 5/191, 0391/98, 0392/98, 0483/98, 0485/98, 0834/98, 0835/98 and 2088/98, which are not covered by the Wyndham Port Area as described in Schedule Two.

SCHEDULE SIX

NATIVE TITLE HOLDERS

The native title is held by the descendants of:

Wundangana Waina, Wuju, Amburu, Djirlarmuru, Mitilber/Njorda, Jiani, Akingungka/Nakmara, Rugben, Moolpan/Kandarworl, Boongottor, Matilda Moorajayi, Joonpan/Moorajayi, Maraltadj, Miuron, Moongkama, Purwan, Waapa, Makumuku, Torto/Yilimbiri, Nandjimara, Jalalarimiri/Kolorumari, Puraru, Nandjimara, Yarluwutj, Koolberi, Angela, Moongkama, Yoolyool, Mutumutu, Murungga, Bundamiri, Vernon Dah, Mayaltor, Malangnari, Dz^ngal, Naringa, Wolarmbar, Murlu, Zamin^elli, Mandomiri, G^nambul, Nganawongka, Ng^lnari, W^garmiri, Waibela, ^Nuwija, Jidei-ida/Wugad^r, N^lamiri, Malnuben, Gootimurri, Junbabara, Linound^ri, Wungur^ru, Judu, Linound^ri, Jumbabera, Bo, Do^lu, Lau-uri, Wiju/Baluga, Wanguben, Mundjangal, D^lnga, Mud^ta, Rebern, D^lnga, Med^rda, Aruwund^rdzera, Mal^Ngunawal, Mal^ngu, Galamiri, Angular, Benmiri, Ziranim/Ganggu, M^labu, ^m]ra, Wulangan, Jura/Juradide, Njama, Dagi, Zunggalima, Weni, Njama, Charlie Plateman, Dickie Kooyoo, Baija, Jeduri, Zunggalima, Mandurga, W^Ngadju, W^Nu, Nitil, Lura/Gurul, Birim, Ngari, Dumalbon/Tumelben, Merliman, Wangooloo, Wamblma, W^rga, Bangudenanga, Birra-rar-raa, Wanjuwila, Wungaruru, Wurarwungedzi, Zuandi, Z^lubern, G^mura, W^mbu/Njurnji, Waneigera, J^wan, Z^lnga, Guri, Banmon, Warin.

For the avoidance of doubt, recognition of the native title rights and interests by this Determination includes recognition of the Native Title Holders' ability to transmit those rights and interests to successive generations of Balanggarra people in accordance with traditional laws and customs.

REASONS FOR JUDGMENT

1    More than 18 years ago, on 24 July 1995, an application for determination of native title ‘Balanggarra’ was lodged with the National Native Title Tribunal (NNTT) pursuant to the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth) (Native Title Act) as it then stood. The application was given NNTT file number WC95/30. Later that year a further application for determination of native title ‘Balanggarra #2’ was lodged with the NNTT. That application was given file number WC95/78.

2    On 30 September 1998, pursuant to the Native Title Amendment Act 1998 (Cth), such applications became proceedings in this Court and were allocated Federal Court file numbers WAG 6027 of 1998 and WAG 6056 of 1998, respectively.

3    On 13 May 1999, it was ordered, pursuant to s 64(2) of the Native Title Act, that these applications be amended, combined and continued under application number WAG 6027 of 1998 (Balanggarra Combined Application).

4    The area of the Balanggarra Combined Application covers approximately 26,025 square kilometres of land and sea in the northern Kimberley region of Western Australia. It is bounded in the east by the Cambridge Gulf and the Miriuwung Gajerrong #1 and #4 determination areas, to the southeast by yet another application made on behalf of the Balanggarra People, WAD 6004 of 2000, (Balanggarra #3 Application), to the south and southwest by the Wanjina-Wunggurr Wilinggin determination area and to the west by the Wanjina-Wunggurr Uunguu determination area.

5    The area of the Balanggarra Combined Application includes the Kalumburu, Oombulgurri and Forrest River Aboriginal reserves, Carson River pastoral lease, parts of the Drysdale River National Park and unallocated crown land at Cape Londonderry, Carson River and the Cambridge Gulf coast. The northern boundary runs through sea country and encompasses many islands near the coast including the Sir Graham Moore Islands, Adolphus Island and Reveley Island.

Agreement of parties to resolve the proceeding

6    Through mediation, the parties have reached an agreement as to the terms of a determination of native title to provide recognition of the native title rights and interests held by the Balanggarra community in relation to part of the land and waters covered by the Balanggarra Combined Application (Determination Area). The parties have agreed in respect of the balance of the land and waters the subject of the Balanggarra Combined Application that no determination be made at present and the matter remain in case management before a Registrar of the Court.

7    Consent orders signed by each of the parties to the proceeding have been filed together with a Minute of Proposed Consent Determination of Native Title (Minute).

8    The parties, or their representatives, who have signed the Minute are:

(a)    the applicant;

(b)    State of Western Australia;

(c)    The Commonwealth of Australia;

(d)    Paspaley Pearling Company Pty Ltd;

(e)    Roebuck Pearl Producers Pty Ltd; and

(f)    Telstra Corporation Ltd.

9    The external boundaries of the Determination Area are described in Schedule One to the Minute. In summary, the Determination Area includes all of the land and waters of the Balanggarra Combined Application except that part of Adolphus Island which is above the High Water Mark (Excluded Area). A new application, WAD 163 of 2013 (Balanggarra #4 Application), was recently filed over this area, in order to take advantage of the provisions in section 47B of the Native Title Act in respect of that area.

10    In Ward v State of Western Australia (1998) 159 ALR 483 (Ward), it was found that the Balang[g]arra peoples and the Miriuwung and Gajerrong people held native title rights and interests in the area known as Boorroonoong (Lacrosse Island): Ward, at 639.

11    The finding in Ward was upheld by a Full Court: Western Australia v Ward (2000) 170 ALR 159, at [264] - [271] (Ward (WA) FC). It was not disturbed, though not specifically considered, also by a Full Court: Attorney-General (NT) v Ward (2003) 134 FCR 16 (Ward (NT) FC).

12    The applicant has filed genealogical, ethnographic, historical and anthropological material relating to the connection of the members of the Balanggarra community to the areas covered by the Determination Area, being:

(a)    an affidavit of Catherine Wohlan, Anthropologist, affirmed 13 May 2013 regarding the apical ancestors;

(b)    an affidavit of Caitlin Fegan, Legal Officer, affirmed 13 May 2013 relating to authorisation; and

(c)    an affidavit of Caitlin Fegan, Legal Officer, affirmed 28 May 2013 annexing a summary of connection material prepared by the Kimberley Land Council in support of the proposed determination of native title.

13    The parties agree that the members of the Balanggarra community are bound together by a normative system of laws and customs which, on the basis of known fact and reasonable inference, has continued to be observed by its members in a substantially uninterrupted manner since prior to the declaration of sovereignty over Western Australia.

14    Pursuant to s 56(2)(a) of the Native Title Act, the applicant has nominated the Balanggarra Aboriginal Corporation ICN 2923 (Corporation) as the prescribed body corporate to hold the determined native title in trust for the native title holders. That nomination is in writing and the Corporation has given its consent to the nomination. I am satisfied that the requirements of the Native Title Act and of the Native Title (Prescribed Bodies Corporate) Regulations 1999 (Cth) have been met.

Assessment of connection

15    In his affidavit affirmed on 25 July 2013, John Alan Catlin, on behalf of the State, deposes to the reasons why the State considers that the material provided by the applicant demonstrates the applicant's traditional connection with the Determination Area and satisfies the requirements of the Native Title Act. It also affirms the State's satisfaction, based on its assessment, with the evidence of the Balanggarra people's connection with the Determination Area as described in the Minute. Annexed to Mr Catlin’s affidavit is a comprehensive list of materials, including published and unpublished literature, to which the State had regard for the purposes of its assessment.

16    In forming its assessment of the Balanggarra Combined Application, the State had regard to the decision of Lee J in Ward, upheld by the Full Court in Ward (WA) FC, in which it was found that the members of the Balang[g]arra community constituted a society and observed a normative system of law and custom that had remained substantially unchanged since sovereignty: Ward (WA) FC at [264] - [271].

17    Mr Catlin deposes that the State completed its assessment of connection material for the Balanggarra Combined Application in October 2007 and was, by then, satisfied that the information in the connection material met the State’s October 2004 “Guidelines for the Provision of Information in Support of Applications for a Determination of Native Title” (State’s Connection Guidelines). This formed the basis on which the State entered into negotiations towards a consent determination of native title.

18    The applicant and the State jointly submit that the ethnographic and historical materials combined with the Aboriginal evidence provided in accordance with the State’s Connection Guidelines demonstrate that members of the Balanggarra community have maintained a physical presence in the Determination Area since the acquisition of British sovereignty. In addition, evidence of their continuing physical or spiritual involvement in the application area was more than sufficient to enable the State to conclude that this connection had not been severed. Taken together, the State was satisfied that the material presented was strongly indicative of the maintenance of connection according to traditional laws and custom in the Balanggarra Combined Application area.

Authorisation issues

19    Some issues in relation to authorisation arise. The first concerns the fact that 3 of the 10 persons who are named as the applicant have died and whether the surviving 7 persons remain authorised without the need for further authorisation. The second concerns the fact that the native title claimant group, as described in the Balanggarra Combined Application, differs from the proposed native title holding group identified in Schedule Six of the Minute. Additionally, the native title holding group identified in Schedule Six is not, prima facie, identical to the description of “Balangarra peoples” as recognised and described in the decision of the Full Court in Ward (NT) FC.

20    The Balanggarra Combined Application has not been amended since 21 October 2004. In respect of the first issue, the applicant has provided evidence that at an authorisation meeting held on 1 and 2 May 2013, in relation to the proposed Determination Area, the surviving members of the applicant group were authorised to agree to the terms as reflected in the Minute.

21    In her affidavit affirmed on 13 May 2013, Ms Fegan deposes that prior to the authorisation meeting, the Kimberley Land Council gave notice of that meeting by, inter alia, writing both by post and by email to those Balanggarra persons whose relevant contact details are known to the Kimberley Land Council, as well as distributing information about the meeting in person and via word of mouth, and publishing a notice in the Broome Advertiser and Kimberley Echo newspapers.

22    In each instance, those notices advised that the authorisation meeting would consider, inter alia:

(a)    the difference between the description of the native title claim group in the Balanggarra Combined Application and the native title holding group in the Minute; and

(b)    whether to affirm the authorisation of those living persons who comprise the applicant.

23    A description of the proposed native title holding group as described in Schedule Six of the Minute was also provided in that notice. In respect of this, it was resolved at the authorisation meeting that:

(a)    “The persons at this meeting resolve that there are enough people present and that this is an appropriate meeting to make decisions about authorising the terms of the proposed draft minute of consent determination for Balanggarra Combined WAD 6027/1998”;

(b)    “The description of the native title holding group in the Minute should remain in its current form, noting the difference between that description and the Balanggarra Combined Application”; and

(c)    “The Balanggarra claim group affirms that the surviving members of the applicant of the Balanggarra Combined Application WAD 6027/1998 or such of them as are able to act are authorised to continue acting as applicant.”

24    The differences between the Balanggarra Combined Application and the description of the native title holding group in the Minute are explained in the affidavits of Caitlin Fegan affirmed 13 May 2013 and Catherine Wohlan, affirmed 13 May 2013, who is an anthropologist with specialised knowledge relevant to this matter. In summary:

(a)    the differences relate to 3 ancestors whose names are not identified in the Balanggarra Combined Application, but whose names are included in the native title claim group description set out in the Balanggarra #3 Application;

(b)    an additional 3 ancestors whose names are not referred to in the Balanggarra #3 Application, but are included in the native title claim group description for the Balanggarra Combined Application;

(c)    it is Ms Wohlan's opinion that all 6 ancestors are likely 3 ancestors who have been described differently because of personal style and orthographic preference of the person who compiled the claim group description in the various applications; and

(d)    it is Ms Wohlan’s overall opinion that the differences in the claim group descriptions between Balanggarra Combined Application and the Balanggarra #3 Application and the native title holding group, as determined in Ward (NT) FC, do not result in differences of constituency between the three groups described.

25    The Balang[g]arra native title holding group is referred to in Schedule Five of the determination made by Wilcox, North and Weinberg JJ in Ward (NT) FC. Schedule Five states: “Persons identified with the Balangarra as at the date of this determination include descendants of the following persons". A number of ancestors are then listed. The names of the ancestors Dalza-ungnari, Zigalu, Mangular, Madamal, Timothy, Lumbia and Gumbol referred to in the decision in Ward (NT) FC are not included in the native title holding group described at Schedule Six of the Minute. Conversely, the Minute before me identifies ancestors named as Njama, Weni and Nandjimara, who are not individually referred to in the decision in Ward (NT) FC.

26    In respect of the formulation and effect of the proposed native title holding group described at Schedule Six of the Minute, I find that:

(a)    the description is likely to be the result of further research undertaken since the Balanggarra Combined Application was made;

(b)    while there is a difference between that description and the description in Ward (NT) FC, that difference is a matter of form rather than substance as the difference in the two descriptions does not change the membership of the native title holding group;

(c)    the description is consistent with the native title holding group which is to be recognised in the determination relating to the Balanggarra #3 Application which is to be determined concurrently with this proceeding;

(d)    the description, including its apparent difference from that set out in Ward (NT) FC, has been extensively considered by an anthropologist with specialised knowledge relevant to this matter, who is of the opinion that the description in Schedule Six of the Minute does not result in any differences between the Balanggarra Combined Application, the Balanggarra #3 Application or the finding in Ward (NT) FC; and

(e)    notices advising of the authorisation meeting were widely distributed, identified persons who are members of the Balanggarra community by reference to the description of the proposed native title holding group and a resolution was passed at the authorisation meeting authorising that description of the native title holding group and the ongoing authority of the applicant.

27    I am satisfied, based on the material before me, that there is no difference in substance between the native title holders described in Ward (NT) FC and the persons described in Schedule Six of the Minute as persons who together comprise the Balanggarra community. Further, in making the determination sought in the Minute, the Court will not be making a contrary finding or otherwise departing from the finding made in Ward (NT) FC as to the identity of the native title holding group described therein.

28    Although the description of the claim group in the Balanggarra Combined Application has not been amended to conform with the description in Schedule Six of the Minute, the Court is not limited to making a determination in the form sought in the application and may proceed to make a determination in such form as it sees fit based on the evidence, provided the application is valid: Billy Patch on behalf of the Birriliburu People v State of Western Australia [2008] FCA 944 at [18]. In my view it would be appropriate for the Court to make a determination as sought in the Minute. My reasons for so concluding are very similar to those applied in Sharpe v State of Western Australia [2013] FCA 599, at [19]-[23] (Sharpe), in that:

(a)    there will be a satisfactory resolution of the Balanggarra Combined Application for all parties;

(b)    the nature of any defect in authorisation does not arise out of any dispute within the Balanggarra community and is not a recent development;

(c)    the description of the native title holding group in Schedule Six of the Minute was widely notified and advertised in the process of notifying the authorisation meeting;

(d)    the State is satisfied that the holders of native title rights and interests in the Determination Area are the persons described in Schedule Six of the Minute; and

(e)    appropriate measures have been taken to notify members of the Balanggarra community of the proposed determination of native title and they have authorised the applicant to agree to the making of the Minute in its current terms, including the description of the proposed native title holding group.

29    To the extent that it might be thought that there is a defect in the authorisation of this application I find, pursuant to s 84D(4) of the Native Title Act, that it is in the interests of justice and would be appropriate for the Court to make the Determination. This long running application should not fail simply on authorisation grounds. My reasons for so concluding are, in effect, the same as applied in Sharpe, at [20] - [21] where I referred to Barunga v State of Western Australia [2011] FCA 518 (Barunga), at [12]-[21].

30    In Barunga, some of the members of the applicant group were deceased at the time of the making of an agreement for the determination of native title by consent in that matter. The native title holding group recognised in the determination then made was a larger group of people than the native title claimant group on whose behalf the application was brought. In the present case, for the same reasoning I adopted in Barunga, I would exercise my discretion under s 84D(4)(a) of the Native Title Act to make the determination sought despite any perceived defect in authorisation.

Requirements of s 87A of the Native Title Act

31    Section 87A of the Native Title Act provides, in effect, that the Court may make a determination of native title by consent over part of an application area without holding a hearing where:

(a)    the period specified in the notice given under section 66 of the Native Title Act has ended (s 87A(1)(b));

(b)    there is an agreement for a proposed determination of native title in relation to part of an area covered by the native title application (s 87A(1)(b));

(c)    the terms of the proposed determination are in writing, signed by or on behalf of all of the parties required to be parties to the agreement pursuant to section 87A(1)(c) and are filed with the Court (ss 87A(1)(c), 87A(1)(d) and 87A(2));

(d)    the Registrar of the Federal Court has given notice to the other parties to the proceeding who have not become, or are not required to be, parties to the agreement that the proposed determination of native title has been filed with the Court (s 87A(3));

(e)    the Court has taken into account any objection made by the other parties to the proceeding (s 87A(5));

(f)    the Court is satisfied that an order in, or consistent with, those terms would be within the power of the Court (s 87A(4)(a)); and

(g)    it appears appropriate to the Court to make the orders sought (s 87A(4)(b)).

32    The first three of the above pre-conditions have been met. Each of the pre-combined applications (WC95/30) and (WC95/78) was notified pursuant to s 66 of the Native Title Act. The period of three months after the day on which notice was given referred to in s 66(8) and (10) of the Native Title Act ended on 21 November 1995 and 15 July 1996, respectively. There is an agreement for a proposed determination of native title, the terms of which are in writing and signed by or on behalf of all of the parties and contained in the Minute. The fourth and fifth pre-conditions are not applicable as all relevant parties to the application are parties to the agreement the subject of the Minute.  Hence the Registrar need not give notice to any party pursuant to s 87A(3). It follows that there are no objections for the Court to take into account pursuant to s 87A(5). There is no reason why the Court should not be satisfied that an order in, or consistent with, the terms of the agreement as reflected in the Minute is within the power of the Court and that there is no barrier under ss 13(1)(a), 67(1), 68, 94A and 225 of the Native Title Act to the making of a consent determination of native title, as proposed by the parties. I am satisfied that the Court has jurisdiction to make the orders sought and there is nothing in the agreed terms that would suggest that the power of the Court would be exceeded by making those orders.

33    It remains for me to consider whether it appears to be appropriate to make the orders consented to by the parties. In Wurrunmurra v State of Western Australia [2012] FCA 1399, at [22], citing my earlier decision in Goonack v State of Western Australia [2011] FCA 516, I considered the terms and operation of s 87A(4) of the Native Title Act, as follows:

[25]    The terms of s 87A(4) of the Native Title Act do not necessarily require the Court to receive evidence, make findings, embark on its own inquiry on the merits of the claim made in the application or even to form a concluded view as to whether the legal requirements for proving native title have been met. It is appropriate for the Court to make orders under s 87A where no evidence of the primary facts substantiating native title has been received if the Court is satisfied that the parties have freely and on an informed basis come to an agreement: Brown v Western Australia at [23]-[24] in respect of s 87A and Hughes v Western Australia [2007] FCA 365 at [9]; Ward v Western Australia [2006] FCA 1848 at [8]. The exercise of the Court’s discretion pursuant to s 87A of the Native Title Act imports the same principles as those applying to the making of a consent determination of native title under section 87: Brown v Western Australia [2007] FCA 1025; Nangkiriny v Western Australia (2002) 117 FCR 6; Nangkiriny v Western Australia [2004] FCA 1156; James v Western Australia [2002] FCA 1208; Hughes v Western Australia and under alternatively s 87 and s 87A; Brown v Western Australia.

[26]    The requirements of s 87A(4) of the Native Title Act will be met where the Court is satisfied that the State, through competent legal representation, is satisfied as to the cogency of the evidence upon which the applicant relies. Generally this will not involve the Court making findings on the evidence on which the State relies, but it might consider that evidence for the limited purpose of being satisfied that the State is acting in good faith and rationally: Munn v Queensland (2001) 115 FCR 109 at [29]-[30] and Lovett v Victoria [2007] FCA 474 at [37].

34    The State has played an active role in the negotiation of the proposed consent determination which is an important factor. I consider that in so doing, the State, acting on behalf of the community generally, having regard to the requirements of the Native Title Act and through a rigorous and detailed assessment process has satisfied itself that the determination as sought is justified in all the circumstances.

35    In all the circumstances I am satisfied that it would be appropriate and within power to make orders under ss 87A and 94A of the Native Title Act. That includes an order that the Corporation is to hold the rights and interests from time to time comprising the native title in trust for the native title holders pursuant to s 56(2) of the Native Title Act.

36    The effect is that the native title claim group, being the Balanggarra community, in accordance with the traditional laws acknowledged and the traditional customs observed by them, are to be recognised as the native title holders for the Determination Area.

37    I propose therefore to make orders, in effect, as sought in the Minute.

Associate:

Dated:    7 August 2013